Thursday, 23 February 2012
Misery Woe and Misfortune
I wanted to go to Haiti, one of the places that I thought of visiting during my gap year before going up to university. At school I read Graham Greene’s novel The Comedians, set in the Haiti of Papa Doc Duvalier, horrible and fascinating at one and the same time. Add to that my discoveries about Vodou and my subsequent reading into Haiti’s past then the magnetism became compelling. But I was warned against going; it was too dangerous, the place was too unsettled, there were too many risks. I went to Cuba instead, a decision I have never really regretted.
I don’t suppose I will ever go to Haiti now. Still, my fascination with the place remains; my fascination with the history, the religion, the culture and the people. This is a country that fought hard for its independence, finally achieved in 1804. But for years after French slavers were not reconciled to its existence. In the end this impoverished country was forced to buy recognition, to pay France for the value of the lost colony and the lost slaves at a cost of some $21 billion in current values. In other words, to achieve full independence, the people of this land had literally to buy their own hides.
It’s easy to forget - indeed, if one ever remembered - that Haiti is the second oldest self-governing nation in the western hemisphere, only seventeen years younger than the United States. But the newly independent American States, already rich, had a huge potential, a manifest destiny to meet. What did Haiti, the slave republic, have ahead; what was its destiny? Why, little but internal divisions, corruption, misrule and tragedy. The first truly ‘anti-imperialist’ nation on earth, and the first black state, it could expect little help or understanding in a racist and colonial epoch. Indeed, its very existence wasn’t recognised by the United States until 1862, until that country itself was fighting a war partially inspired by the fact that some Americans owned other Americans.
In the wake of the devastating 2010 earthquake came foreign journalists, trying to make sense of the whole thing, trying to make sense of Haiti, a victim of nature and of history; a victim of many perceived flaws of an internal and external nature. As a corrective to some of the more simplistic views Laurent Dubois, a professor of history at Duke University, has published Haiti: The Aftershocks of History, a well-researched, well-written and, it has to be said, engagingly partisan account of the country’s longer quake.
He takes his stand early on, rejecting the prevalent view of the Haitians as either victims or villains;
The true causes of Haiti’s poverty and instability are not mysterious, and they have nothing to do with any inherent shortcomings on the part of Haitians themselves. Rather, Haiti’s present is the product of its history: of the nation’s founding by enslaved people who overthrew their masters and freed themselves; of the hostility that this revolution generated among the colonial powers surrounding the country; and of the intense struggle within Haiti itself to define that freedom and realize its promise.
It’s certainly a catalogue of misery and misfortune, the misery beginning with the forms of slavery practiced by the French, which the author quire rightly describes as ‘murderous’; a system where people were literally worked to death, their place taken by fresh imports from Africa. Freed of one crippling burden in 1804, the people were left with another - a ruinous cycle of debt. To pay off the compensation demanded by the French, the newly independent country was forced to borrow heavily from banks in America and other countries, paying the principle sum plus accumulated interest. The debt to France was only paid off in the 1940s, by which time the cycle of poverty and underdevelopment was spinning ever faster.
That was bad enough. Worse: freedom did not bring freedom; it brought America. It brought a new form of imperialism, attitudes and perceptions that might be best summed up in the words of William Jennings Bryant, Secretary of State in the administration of President Woodrow Wilson – “Think of it! Niggers Speaking French!”
It was Wilson, later wanting to make the world safe for democracy, who sent the Marine Corp to occupy Haiti in 1915, an occupation that was to last for almost twenty years. It’s a pity this episode is not better known, the first of the ‘pacification’ missions that were to be a feature of US foreign policy so far as today. It was a wretched example that might have served as a warning over later interventions in Vietnam, Afghanistan and Iraq. As Dubois describes, the American intervention, undertaken in the pretext of reforming Haiti’s chaotic government, was in some ways just as murderous and exploitative as that of the French. Even after the Marines pulled out in 1934 the aftershocks were to be long-lasting.
When one begins to think things can’t get worse they do! Foreign oppressors went; native oppressors came, none more oppressive than the Duvaliers, father and son, who terrorised the country with their Tonton Macoutes militia, thought to be responsible for the deaths of as many as sixty thousand people.
The paradox of this book is that while Dubois argues against the view of ordinary Haitians as victims his narrative shows time and again that that’s exactly what they are, the victims of foreign greed and aggression; the victims of corrupt and venal politicians who served no other interests but their own. His is also an exercise in the narrowness of blame, and he completely fails to tackle the bigger question, namely to what extent are the Haitians responsible for their own shortcomings?
Haiti: the Aftershocks of History is a reasonably good book, though a less than perfectly objective for my taste. It’s certainly better on the early part of the history, falling down over more recent events, particularly in regard to the role played by Jean Bartand Aristide. The coups of 1991 and 2004 are dismissed in a few inadequate lines. The author maintains that the events of 2004 in particular are too recent to evaluate properly. Well, maybe they are but at least the attempt should be made.
In the end I found this book, while commendable in many parts, an exercise in excuses and apologetics, a crutch for a country that surely has show time and again that the last thing it needs is a crutch. The message seems to, even so far as the aid efforts, governmental and non-governmental, that followed the quake, leave Haiti alone and all will be well. It won’t. Haiti needs more engagement with the international community, not less.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
A place where even Ana feared to tread!
ReplyDeleteI didn't know about the American occupation. Puts old movies like 'I Walked with a Zombie' into a slightly different perspective.
Ah, Mark; it took a lot of pleading to stop me going. :-) Since writing this I've discovered that an officer in the Marine Corps subsequently wrote a memoir published in the 1930s. The title has an irony that only history can produce - Black Baghdad.
DeleteHaiti, now that is a nice place to go on holiday! you would be so lucky to be raped by third world types with aids or such.
ReplyDeleteAnthony, Ana is a tough cookie. :-))
DeleteHaiti is interesting for so many reasons. So valuable to Louis XVI and Napoleon Bonaparte that it was worth more than all of North America. So terrifying as an example of slave revolt that nation after nation attempted to subdue its violent population.
ReplyDeleteBut Saint Domingue - later Haiti - is only half the island of Hispaniola, the other half, Santo Domingo, became the Dominican Republic. How did these two colonies with such similar origins come to have such divergent fates?
What continues to make Haiti a target for international interference?
Calvin, I simply don't know the answer to your first question, obviously something worth further research. The answer to your second seems fairly obvious - tragedy.
DeleteSomewhere I saw a picture of the Haiti-Dominican Republic border. It showed an almost completely deforested Haitian side in stark contrast to the lush vegetation found in the Dominican Republic's territory.
ReplyDeleteDeino, perhaps Haiti is a nation that has literally eaten itself from within.
DeleteHaiti is the Western Hemisphere's Afghanistan. It is a backwards country that has been pillaged by its own (mostly socialist) politicians and the occasional US invasion.
ReplyDeleteWhat Haiti needs is trade, not aid. It needs a free market (ranked 142 out of 150 in the Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom), not socialist vote buying schemes. Most importantly, it needs the Rule of Law and a strong civil society. This is probably the one thing the international community can do to help, instead of the usual, absurd nation building nonsense.
Kevin, I absolutely agree.
DeleteHi Ana--how diverse your interests are! I already know that, of course, but I continue to be surprised by what topic / country turns out to have most recently engaged you . . . my sister works for Médecins Sans Frontières and was in Haiti for quite a while after the 2010 earthquake . . . there are some lovely people in Haiti, of course, but it is very dangerous. You were wise to choose Cuba instead, and to make your travels slightly more limited than your interests in this case . . .
ReplyDeleteChris, my mind goes on before, a perpetual pathfinder!
DeleteThe following is posted on behalf of Nobby.
ReplyDeleteHello Ana. I forget which news company was involved in this story.
Possibly the BBC or CNN. Anyway after the latest catastrophe I watched
an interview featuring the man responsible for health & environment.
It was explained to him that a nearby river used for washing and
bathing was had become contaminated and was now effectively an open
sewer; either people should be discouraged from using it or something
ought to be done to clean it up. His response was as if someone had
told him that the washing up was piling up in the kitchen.
Another thing, Ana. What do you think would have become of England if
a large number of its population had from 1900 onwards resorted to a
belief in Voodoo?
Nobby.
Yes, Nobby, that says so much.
DeleteDo you honestly think things would be any worse? At least the pins I stick in my Nick Clegg doll might have some effect. :-))